{"id":1380,"date":"2017-02-20T21:45:29","date_gmt":"2017-02-21T00:45:29","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/geekosas.com\/?p=1380"},"modified":"2017-04-23T21:35:52","modified_gmt":"2017-04-24T00:35:52","slug":"video-juegos-y-data-science","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/geekosas.com\/index.php\/es\/2017\/02\/20\/video-juegos-y-data-science\/","title":{"rendered":"Video-juegos y Estadistica"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>La industria de los videojuegos ha crecido exponencialmente, se han creado nuevos g\u00e9neros de juegos, nuevos modelos de negocios, nuevos tipos de gamers y nuevos dispositivos para jugar, pero lo que no cambia es que siguen existiendo los llamados juegos triple A. Los juegos triple A se caracterizan por pertenecer a empresas con un gr\u00e1n presupuesto para invertir en juegos, los cuales tienen que vender muchas copias para hacerlos rentables.<\/p>\n<p>Hablamos de juegos que cuestan ente 10 y\u00a060 millones de dolares, por lo que las empresas utilizan distintas (y cuestionadas t\u00e9cnicas) t\u00e9cnicas para rentabilizarlos, por ejemplo los DLC, season-pass, expansiones, comprar &#8220;ayudas&#8221; y por ultimo se preocupan de que existan reviews que hablen de sus juegos. Obviamente, necesitan reviews que hablen bien de sus juegos, por lo que siempre he cre\u00eddo que los reviews no son de fiar.<\/p>\n<p>Hoy decidido revisar si esto es cierto y lo realizar\u00e9 con la informaci\u00f3n disponible en\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.metacritic.com\/\">www.metacritic.com<\/a>, esta p\u00e1gina es muy interesante por que compila todos los reviews hechos por reviewers y genera un &#8220;puntaje promedio&#8221; llamado &#8220;metascore&#8221; adem\u00e1s de permitir a los usuarios dar su evaluaci\u00f3n de cada juego, el cual al promediarse lo llaman &#8220;userscore&#8221;. Todos la\u00a0informaci\u00f3n sobre estos puntajes est\u00e1n disponibles con todo el detalle necesario para hacer un an\u00e1lisis y revisar que tan de fiar son los reviews.<\/p>\n<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<p>Nuestro supuesto fundamental es que el userscore es la evaluaci\u00f3n real de los videojuegos, mientras que el metascore, es el puntaje alterado por las influencias de las mega corporaciones que hacen juegos, en este articulo mostraremos como obtuvimos la informaci\u00f3n de metacritic y luego mostraremos como evaluamos testeamos estadisticamente la &#8220;generosidad de los reviewers&#8221;.<\/p>\n<h3>Los Datos Disponibles<\/h3>\n<p>Como dije antes, el sitio tiene los puntajes promedio y el detalle, para nuestros fines descargaremos para los juegos de PS4 los siguientes datos:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>MetaScore<\/li>\n<li>UserScrore<\/li>\n<li>Empresa que publica el juego<\/li>\n<li>Detalle del MetaScore (Nota que puso cada reviewer)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Por ejemplo para el caso de Fifa 17, ver\u00edamos algo de este estilo en la pagina:<\/p>\n<p><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"1752\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/geekosas.com\/index.php\/es\/2017\/02\/20\/video-juegos-y-data-science\/fifa\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/geekosas.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/fifa.jpg?fit=1301%2C525&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1301,525\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;Daniel Fischer&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;1487539348&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"fifa\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/geekosas.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/fifa.jpg?fit=1024%2C413&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1752\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.geekosas.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/fifa-300x121.jpg?resize=937%2C378\" alt=\"\" width=\"937\" height=\"378\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/geekosas.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/fifa.jpg?resize=300%2C121&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/geekosas.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/fifa.jpg?resize=768%2C310&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/geekosas.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/fifa.jpg?resize=1024%2C413&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/geekosas.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/fifa.jpg?w=1301&amp;ssl=1 1301w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 937px) 100vw, 937px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Generando para cada juego un registro con esta informaci\u00f3n (ocult\u00e9 la llave con la que cruzar\u00e9 con la tabla de detalles):<\/p>\n<p><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"1883\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/geekosas.com\/index.php\/es\/2017\/02\/20\/video-juegos-y-data-science\/tabla-userscore\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/geekosas.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/tabla-userscore.jpg?fit=741%2C105&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"741,105\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;Daniel Fischer&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;1487626024&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"tabla-userscore\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/geekosas.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/tabla-userscore.jpg?fit=741%2C105&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1883\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.geekosas.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/tabla-userscore-300x43.jpg?resize=1033%2C148\" alt=\"\" width=\"1033\" height=\"148\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/geekosas.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/tabla-userscore.jpg?resize=300%2C43&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/geekosas.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/tabla-userscore.jpg?w=741&amp;ssl=1 741w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Por otro lado a continuaci\u00f3n podemos ver, el detalle de los reviews contiene el puntaje que puso cada reviewer\u00a0a un juego en particular.\u00a0En este caso, todos los reviews de Fifa 2017:<\/p>\n<p><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"1889\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/geekosas.com\/index.php\/es\/2017\/02\/20\/video-juegos-y-data-science\/review-fifa17\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/geekosas.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/review-fifa17.jpg?fit=506%2C316&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"506,316\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;Daniel Fischer&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;1487626177&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"review-fifa17\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/geekosas.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/review-fifa17.jpg?fit=506%2C316&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1889\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.geekosas.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/review-fifa17-300x187.jpg?resize=967%2C603\" alt=\"\" width=\"967\" height=\"603\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/geekosas.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/review-fifa17.jpg?resize=300%2C187&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/geekosas.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/review-fifa17.jpg?w=506&amp;ssl=1 506w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 967px) 100vw, 967px\" \/><\/p>\n<h3>Extracci\u00f3n de Datos<\/h3>\n<p>Para extraer los datos utilizaremos selenium a trav\u00e9s de python. Selenium es un controlador que permite manejar un navegador ya sea Firerox, Chorme o PhantomJS a trav\u00e9s de c\u00f3digo escrito en alg\u00fan lenguaje como python.<\/p>\n<p>Para simplificar las cosas, extraeremos los datos a un set de archivos .csv, conde cada uno contendr\u00e1 la informaci\u00f3n disponible para 100 juegos.<\/p>\n<p>El c\u00f3digo es el siguiente:<\/p>\n<pre class=\"brush: python; collapse: false; title: ; wrap-lines: false; notranslate\" title=\"\">\r\n\r\nimport pandas as pd\r\nimport time\r\nimport sys\r\n\r\nfrom selenium import webdriver\r\nfrom selenium.webdriver.common.keys import Keys\r\ndriver = webdriver.Chrome()\r\n#driver = webdriver.PhantomJS()\r\n\r\nurl_generica = &quot;http:\/\/www.metacritic.com\/browse\/games\/score\/metascore\/all\/ps4\/filtered?sort=desc&amp;page={}&quot;\r\n\r\ndef get_game(url):\r\n print(&quot;GoTo &quot; + url)\r\n driver.get(url)\r\n game = driver.find_element_by_xpath('\/\/h1&#x5B;@class=&quot;product_title&quot;]\/a&#x5B;@class=&quot;hover_none&quot;]\/span&#x5B;@itemprop=&quot;name&quot;]').text\r\n print(game)\r\n registro = pd.DataFrame({&quot;game&quot; : &#x5B;game],\r\n &quot;publisher&quot; : &#x5B;driver.find_element_by_xpath('\/\/*&#x5B;@itemprop=&quot;publisher&quot;]\/span&#x5B;@class=&quot;data&quot;]').text],\r\n &quot;devel&quot; : &#x5B;driver.find_element_by_xpath('\/\/*&#x5B;@class=&quot;summary_detail developer&quot;]\/span&#x5B;@class=&quot;data&quot;]').text],\r\n &quot;metascore&quot; : &#x5B;driver.find_element_by_xpath('\/\/*&#x5B;@itemprop=&quot;ratingValue&quot;]').text],\r\n &quot;userscrore&quot; : &#x5B;driver.find_element_by_xpath('\/\/div&#x5B;@class=&quot;userscore_wrap feature_userscore&quot;]\/a&#x5B;@class=&quot;metascore_anchor&quot;]\/div').text],\r\n &quot;metascore_url&quot; : &#x5B;url + &quot;\/critic-reviews&quot;],\r\n &quot;userscore_url&quot; : &#x5B;url + &quot;\/user-reviews&quot; ], \r\n &quot;game_url&quot; : &#x5B;url]\r\n })\r\n print(&quot;Metascore Scrapped&quot;)\r\n return(registro)\r\n \r\ndef get_metascore_detail(url):\r\n driver.get(url)\r\n print(&quot;Scrapping Details&quot;)\r\n registro = pd.DataFrame({\r\n &quot;detail_metascore_value&quot; : &#x5B;x.text for x in driver.find_elements_by_xpath('\/\/div&#x5B;@class = &quot;module reviews_module critic_reviews_module&quot;]\/\/div&#x5B;@class = &quot;review_grade&quot;]')],\r\n &quot;detail_metascore_source&quot; : &#x5B;x.text for x in driver.find_elements_by_xpath('\/\/div&#x5B;@class = &quot;review_critic&quot;]\/div&#x5B;@class=&quot;source&quot;]')] \r\n })\r\n registro&#x5B;&quot;metascore_url&quot;] = url\r\n print(&quot;Details Scrapped&quot;)\r\n return(registro)\r\n \r\npaginas = &#x5B;x for x in range(8)]\r\nwhile len(paginas) &gt; 0:\r\n p_num = paginas.pop()\r\n url = url_generica.format(p_num)\r\n print(url)\r\n driver.get(url)\r\n games_urls = driver.find_elements_by_xpath('\/\/*&#x5B;@class=&quot;product_item product_title&quot;]\/a')\r\n games_urls = &#x5B;l.get_attribute(&quot;href&quot;) for l in games_urls]\r\n \r\n compiled_metacritic = pd.DataFrame()\r\n compiled_detail = pd.DataFrame()\r\n while len(games_urls) &gt; 0:\r\n print(&quot;********* NEW SCRAP ********&quot;)\r\n url = games_urls.pop()\r\n compiled_metacritic = compiled_metacritic.append(get_game(url))\r\n compiled_detail = compiled_detail.append(get_metascore_detail(url + &quot;\/critic-reviews&quot;))\r\n print(&quot;********* END SCRAP ********&quot;)\r\n compiled_metacritic.to_csv(&quot;metacritic\/metacritic_&quot; + str(p_num) + &quot;.csv&quot;,index =False)\r\n compiled_detail.to_csv(&quot;detail\/metacritic_detail&quot; + str(p_num) + &quot;.csv&quot;,index =False)\r\n\r\n<\/pre>\n<h3>An\u00e1lisis<\/h3>\n<p>Lo primero es ver los datos en general, lo que primero haremos ser\u00e1 ver a nivel agregado los userscore versus los metascore, como se puede ver en la tabla a continuaci\u00f3n, en promedio el userscore es 4,26 mayor que el metascrore lo que significa que en general hay una tendencia de los usuarios a ser m\u00e1s exigentes que los reviewers<\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 676px; height: 61px;\" border=\"0\" width=\"192\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\n<colgroup>\n<col style=\"width: 48pt;\" span=\"3\" width=\"64\" \/> <\/colgroup>\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 15pt;\">\n<td style=\"height: 15pt; width: 48pt;\" width=\"64\" height=\"20\">promedio metascrore<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 48pt;\" width=\"64\">promedio userscore<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 48pt;\" width=\"64\">diferencia<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15pt;\">\n<td style=\"height: 15pt;\" align=\"right\" height=\"20\">71,53<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">67,27<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">4,26<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Al hacer un test t, obtenemos un p-value que nos permite estadisticamente rechazar la hip\u00f3tesis nula de que los promedios\u00a0son iguales, en otras palabras, existen agumentos estad\u00edsticos para afirmar que el userscore es menor que el metascore:<\/p>\n<p><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"1799\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/geekosas.com\/index.php\/es\/2017\/02\/20\/video-juegos-y-data-science\/test-t\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/geekosas.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/test-t.jpg?fit=541%2C187&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"541,187\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;Daniel Fischer&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;1487541998&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"test-t\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/geekosas.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/test-t.jpg?fit=541%2C187&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1799\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.geekosas.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/test-t-300x104.jpg?resize=1056%2C366\" alt=\"\" width=\"1056\" height=\"366\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/geekosas.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/test-t.jpg?resize=300%2C104&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/geekosas.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/test-t.jpg?w=541&amp;ssl=1 541w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Ahora realizaremos el mismo test pero para cada publisher utilizando R el codigo queda del siguiente modo:<\/p>\n<pre class=\"brush: r; collapse: false; title: ; wrap-lines: false; notranslate\" title=\"\">\r\n\r\noptions(stringsAsFactors = FALSE)\r\nSys.setenv(TZ='GMT')\r\nlibrary(plyr)\r\nlibrary(reshape2)\r\nlibrary(xtable)\r\n\r\nread_csv_folder = function(folder){\r\n files = dir(folder)\r\n ldply(files, function(x) read.csv(paste0(folder,&quot;\/&quot;,x)),.progress = &quot;text&quot;)\r\n}\r\n\r\nmetacritic = read_csv_folder(&quot;metacritic&quot;)\r\nmetacritic = transform(metacritic, metascore = as.numeric(metascore), userscrore = 10*as.numeric(userscrore))\r\nmetacritic = metacritic&#x5B;complete.cases(metacritic),]\r\nhead(metacritic&#x5B;,c(&quot;game&quot;,&quot;publisher&quot;,&quot;metascore&quot;,&quot;userscrore&quot;)])\r\n\r\ndetails = read_csv_folder(&quot;detail&quot;)\r\ndetails = transform(details, detail_metascore_value = as.numeric(detail_metascore_value))\r\ndetails = details&#x5B;complete.cases(details),]\r\n\r\n#Gral\r\ngral = data.frame(promedio_metascrore = round(mean(metacritic$metascore),2),\r\n promedio_userscore = round(mean(metacritic$userscrore),2),\r\n diferencia = round(mean(metacritic$metascore),2) - round(mean(metacritic$userscrore),2)\r\n )\r\nwrite.csv2(gral,&quot;clipboard&quot;)\r\n\r\n#Publicador\r\nmetacritic_stats = ddply(metacritic,&quot;publisher&quot;,function(x) data.frame(metascrore = mean(x$metascore),\r\n userscore = mean(x$userscrore),\r\n diferecia = mean(x$metascore-x$userscrore),\r\n p_value = tryCatch(t.test(x$metascore,x$userscrore, alternative = &quot;two.sided&quot;)$p.value,error = function(e) NA),\r\n cases = nrow(x)))\r\nmetacritic_stats = subset(metacritic_stats, cases &gt; 5)\r\nnrow(metacritic_stats)\r\nmetacritic_stats = subset(metacritic_stats, p_value &lt;= 0.05)\r\nmetacritic_stats = metacritic_stats&#x5B;order(metacritic_stats$p_value,decreasing = T),]\r\nprint(metacritic_stats)\r\n\r\n<\/pre>\n<p>En la siguiente tabla podemos ver que al realizar el mismo test t anterior para los publishers con al menos de 5 juegos, de los 26 que cumplen con la condici\u00f3n, 7 tienen un p-valor significativo, lo cual nos permite concluir que sus juegos tienen estadisticamente un metascore mayor al userscore o en otras palabras, algo hacen que estos juegos les gustan m\u00e1s a los que hacen rese\u00f1as que los que los juegan&#8230; \u00bfextra\u00f1o tal vez los juegos beta son mejores que las versiones finales? jajjaa.<\/p>\n<p><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"1827\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/geekosas.com\/index.php\/es\/2017\/02\/20\/video-juegos-y-data-science\/pvalues-empresas\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/geekosas.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/pvalues-empresas1.jpg?fit=530%2C126&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"530,126\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;Daniel Fischer&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;1487543952&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"pvalues-empresas\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/geekosas.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/pvalues-empresas1.jpg?fit=530%2C126&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1827\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.geekosas.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/pvalues-empresas1-300x71.jpg?resize=1154%2C273\" alt=\"\" width=\"1154\" height=\"273\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/geekosas.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/pvalues-empresas1.jpg?resize=300%2C71&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/geekosas.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/pvalues-empresas1.jpg?w=530&amp;ssl=1 530w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Que publishers tienen m\u00e1s reviewers &#8220;generosos&#8221;, para ello vamos a comparar la diferencia entre el metascore y el userscore para cada publisher-reviewer, testeando que el valor sea 0, si se rechaza la hipotesis nula, podemos afirmar que el valor es distinto que 0. Luego veremos para cada empresa, que porcentaje de reviewers son generoso. El resultado en la tabla a continuaci\u00f3n, muestra que las empresas de la lista de arriba tienen muy buena relaci\u00f3n con los reviewers, por ejemplo, el 100% de las empresas \u00a0que hacen reviews de EA Sports y Konami dan puntajes estaditicamente m\u00e1s altos a los juegos que los usuarios.<\/p>\n<pre class=\"brush: r; collapse: false; title: ; wrap-lines: false; notranslate\" title=\"\">\r\ncomp = merge(metacritic,details, by = &quot;metascore_url&quot;,all.x = T)\r\n\r\n#Reviewer con mayor error\r\nreviewer_stats = ddply(comp,c(&quot;publisher&quot;,&quot;detail_metascore_source&quot;),function(x) data.frame(error = mean(x$metascore-x$userscrore),\r\n p_value = tryCatch(t.test(x$metascore-x$userscrore)$p.value,error = function(e) NA),\r\n cases = nrow(x)))\r\nreviewer_stats = subset(reviewer_stats, cases &gt;= 5)\r\nreviewer_stats_numero_evaluado = ddply(reviewer_stats,&quot;publisher&quot;, function(x) data.frame(total_reviewers = nrow(x)))\r\nreviewer_stats = subset(reviewer_stats, p_value &lt;= 0.05 &amp; error &gt; 0)\r\nreviewer_stats_numero_afectado = ddply(reviewer_stats,&quot;publisher&quot;, function(x) data.frame(reviewers_generosos = nrow(x)))\r\nreviewer_stats = merge(reviewer_stats_numero_evaluado,reviewer_stats_numero_afectado, all.x=T)\r\nreviewer_stats&#x5B;is.na(reviewer_stats)] = 0\r\nreviewer_stats$porcentaje_generoso = round(100*reviewer_stats$reviewers_generosos\/reviewer_stats$total_reviewers)\r\narrange(reviewer_stats,-porcentaje_generoso)\r\n\r\n<\/pre>\n<p><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"1868\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/geekosas.com\/index.php\/es\/2017\/02\/20\/video-juegos-y-data-science\/reviewers-generosos\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/geekosas.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/reviewers-generosos.jpg?fit=769%2C469&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"769,469\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;Daniel Fischer&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;1487625518&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"reviewers-generosos\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/geekosas.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/reviewers-generosos.jpg?fit=769%2C469&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1868\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.geekosas.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/reviewers-generosos-300x183.jpg?resize=987%2C602\" alt=\"\" width=\"987\" height=\"602\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/geekosas.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/reviewers-generosos.jpg?resize=300%2C183&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/geekosas.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/reviewers-generosos.jpg?resize=768%2C468&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/geekosas.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/reviewers-generosos.jpg?w=769&amp;ssl=1 769w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 987px) 100vw, 987px\" \/><\/p>\n<h3>Conclusiones<\/h3>\n<p>Podemos concluir que efectivamente existe una relaci\u00f3n entre los reviewers y los publishers la cual puede llegar a confundirnos al momento de elegir juegos. Considerando que los juegos valen aproximadamente 60 dolares, recomendar\u00eda esperar a ver que dicen los otros usuarios antes de comprar un juego, en especial para las grandes empresas como:\u00a0\u00a0Sierra Games,\u00a0Konami,\u00a0Ubisoft,\u00a0\u00a0Electronic Arts,\u00a0EA Sports,\u00a0\u00a0Zen Studios y\u00a0Activision.<\/p>\n<p>Espero que les halla gustado y compartan! Saludos!<\/p>\n<h3>Adjuntos:\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.geekosas.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/juegos.zip\">bd_juegos<\/a><\/h3>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<div class=\"mh-excerpt\"><p>La industria de los videojuegos ha crecido exponencialmente, se han creado nuevos g\u00e9neros de juegos, nuevos modelos de negocios, nuevos tipos de gamers y nuevos <a class=\"mh-excerpt-more\" href=\"https:\/\/geekosas.com\/index.php\/es\/2017\/02\/20\/video-juegos-y-data-science\/\" title=\"Video-juegos y Estadistica\">[&#8230;]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1717,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":false,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1380","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-sin-categoria"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/geekosas.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/136607-136582.jpg?fit=282%2C274&ssl=1","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p8vjqF-mg","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":663,"url":"https:\/\/geekosas.com\/index.php\/es\/2016\/04\/20\/juegos-metroidvania\/","url_meta":{"origin":1380,"position":0},"title":"Juegos Metroidvania","author":"Daniel Fischer","date":"2016-04-20","format":false,"excerpt":"Cuando era chico y ten\u00eda algo as\u00ed como 10 a\u00f1os, puse por primera vez un\u00a0nuevo cartucho que hab\u00eda recibido en navidad\u00a0en mi querido Super Nintendo, Este juego era muy extra\u00f1o, era un personaje naranja que aparec\u00eda de una nave espacial y pod\u00eda ir en cualquier direcci\u00f3n, no exist\u00edan etapas, pero\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Sin categor\u00eda&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Sin categor\u00eda","link":"https:\/\/geekosas.com\/index.php\/category\/sin-categoria\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/geekosas.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/metroidvania.png?fit=799%2C318&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/geekosas.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/metroidvania.png?fit=799%2C318&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/geekosas.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/metroidvania.png?fit=799%2C318&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/geekosas.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/metroidvania.png?fit=799%2C318&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":32,"url":"https:\/\/geekosas.com\/index.php\/es\/2015\/03\/27\/preordenar-juegos-digitales\/","url_meta":{"origin":1380,"position":1},"title":"Preordenar Juegos Digitales","author":"Daniel Fischer","date":"2015-03-27","format":false,"excerpt":"Algunas empresas muy inteligentes, como Apple, Samsung, Sony, Electronic Arts y en general todas las relacionadas con tecnolog\u00eda logran algo incre\u00edble. Antes de que el producto salga al mercado, logran tal nivel de excitaci\u00f3n en el mercado, que se muchas veces se quedan sin stock las primeras semanas, por ende\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Sin categor\u00eda&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Sin categor\u00eda","link":"https:\/\/geekosas.com\/index.php\/category\/sin-categoria\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":2329,"url":"https:\/\/geekosas.com\/index.php\/es\/2018\/04\/12\/han-empeorado-los-videojuegos\/","url_meta":{"origin":1380,"position":2},"title":"Han empeorado los videojuegos?","author":"Daniel Fischer","date":"2018-04-12","format":false,"excerpt":"Introducci\u00f3n \/ Abstract Un data scientist es aquel que logra hacer que los datos le hablen, es b\u00e1sicamente una converzaci\u00f3n, donde les haces preguntas y los datos de responden. En este notebook quiero compartir mi ultima converzaci\u00f3n con este dataset con las notas que le han puesto a distintos videojuegos,\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Sin categor\u00eda&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Sin categor\u00eda","link":"https:\/\/geekosas.com\/index.php\/category\/sin-categoria\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/geekosas.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/04\/consoles-800x491.jpg?fit=800%2C491&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/geekosas.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/04\/consoles-800x491.jpg?fit=800%2C491&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/geekosas.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/04\/consoles-800x491.jpg?fit=800%2C491&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/geekosas.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/04\/consoles-800x491.jpg?fit=800%2C491&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":2064,"url":"https:\/\/geekosas.com\/index.php\/es\/2017\/04\/23\/peliculas-2016\/","url_meta":{"origin":1380,"position":3},"title":"Pel\u00edculas 2016","author":"Daniel Fischer","date":"2017-04-23","format":false,"excerpt":"Las pel\u00edculas nos hacen re\u00edr, llorar y algunas... dormir, por lo que decid\u00ed realizar un peque\u00f1o an\u00e1lisis sobre las pel\u00edculas del 2016 Al igual que con V\u00eddeo Juegos y Data Science, hicimos un web scraping del sitio\u00a0www.metacritic.com\u00a0para generar una base de datos, en la cual, para cada pel\u00edcula obtuvimos la\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Uncategorized&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Uncategorized","link":"https:\/\/geekosas.com\/index.php\/es\/category\/uncategorized-es\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.geekosas.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/03\/histogramas-300x120.png?resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.geekosas.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/03\/histogramas-300x120.png?resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.geekosas.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/03\/histogramas-300x120.png?resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.geekosas.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/03\/histogramas-300x120.png?resize=700%2C400 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":2588,"url":"https:\/\/geekosas.com\/index.php\/es\/2018\/10\/26\/presentacion-sobre-video-juegos\/","url_meta":{"origin":1380,"position":4},"title":"Presentaci\u00f3n sobre Video Juegos","author":"Daniel Fischer","date":"2018-10-26","format":false,"excerpt":"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=rrWCckdfO38 codigo en\u00a0https:\/\/github.com\/danielfm123\/userchile_metacritic","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Sin categor\u00eda&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Sin categor\u00eda","link":"https:\/\/geekosas.com\/index.php\/category\/sin-categoria\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/geekosas.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Mario64_1.jpg?fit=610%2C343&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/geekosas.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Mario64_1.jpg?fit=610%2C343&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/geekosas.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Mario64_1.jpg?fit=610%2C343&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x"},"classes":[]},{"id":21,"url":"https:\/\/geekosas.com\/index.php\/es\/2016\/04\/11\/como-elegir-celular\/","url_meta":{"origin":1380,"position":5},"title":"Como elegir celular?","author":"Daniel Fischer","date":"2016-04-11","format":false,"excerpt":"Pasamos m\u00e1s tiempo con nuestro celular que con nuestra familia, es m\u00e1s, lo usamos para comunicarlos con ella y para muchos es una herramienta fundamental de trabajo. Un celular, quiera admitirlo o no, es un compa\u00f1ero de vida, que seg\u00fan sea la relaci\u00f3n te podr\u00eda acompa\u00f1ar el ba\u00f1o por varios\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Sin categor\u00eda&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Sin categor\u00eda","link":"https:\/\/geekosas.com\/index.php\/category\/sin-categoria\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/geekosas.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/mensagens_amor_namorados_para_celular.jpg?fit=400%2C225&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/geekosas.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1380","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/geekosas.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/geekosas.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/geekosas.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/geekosas.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1380"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/geekosas.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1380\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2174,"href":"https:\/\/geekosas.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1380\/revisions\/2174"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/geekosas.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1717"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/geekosas.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1380"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/geekosas.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1380"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/geekosas.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1380"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}